The concept of the 'two-step flow of communication' suggests that the flow of information and influence from the mass media to their audiences involves two steps: from the media to certain individuals (i.e., the opinion leaders) and from them to the public.
The 'one step flow-theory' is a communication process in which the mass media communicates directly to the mass audience. ... Their opinion is not influenced by other factors, the message they receive from the mass media is not filtered by the OL. There is only one source. The audience is passive.
Paul Lazarsfeld
Uses and gratifications theory (UGT) is an approach to understanding why and how people actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs. ... Unlike other theoretical perspectives, UGT holds that audiences are responsible for choosing media to meet their desires and needs to achieve gratification.
Elihu Katz first introduced the Uses and Gratification Approach, when he came up with the notion that people use the media to their benefit. The perspective emerged in the early 1970's as Katz and his two colleagues, Jay Blumler and Michael Gurevitch continued to expand the idea.
Examples of Uses and Gratification Theory People choose from their own choices and moods. The needs of the particular person are met through the media used. Some people might watch news for information, some for entertainment, and some for self-reassurance. Some watch according to their moods.
The Uses and Gratification theory discusses the effects of the media on people. It explains how people use the media for their own need and get satisfied when their needs are fulfilled. In other words, it can be said that the theory argues what people do with media rather than what media does to people.
Blumler and Katz (1974) concluded that different people can use the same communication message for very different purposes. The same media content may gratify different needs for different individuals. ... That is, audience members are aware of and can state their own motives and gratifications for using different media.
Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur proposed the “Dependency theory” in 1976. The theory is combined with several perspectives like psycho analytics & social system theory, systematic & casual approach and base elements from Uses and Gratification theory but less focus on effects.
Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge within the limits of critical bounding assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.
Different Types of Psychological Theories
Here are seven of the major perspectives in modern psychology.
A conceptual framework is an analytical tool that is used to get a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon. It can be used in different fields of work and is most commonly used to visually explain the key concepts or variables and the relationships between them that need to be studied.
4 Steps on How to Make the Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework includes one or more formal theories (in part or whole) as well as other concepts and empirical findings from the literature. It is used to show relationships among these ideas and how they relate to the research study.
The Conceptual Framework (or “Concepts Statements”) is a body of interrelated objectives and fundamentals. The objectives identify the goals and purposes of financial reporting and the fundamentals are the underlying concepts that help achieve those objectives.
The first section notes that the Conceptual Framework's purpose is to assist the IASB in developing and revising IFRSs that are based on consistent concepts, to help preparers to develop consistent accounting policies for areas that are not covered by a standard or where there is choice of accounting policy, and to ...
Theoretical framework in a study is based on an existing theory or theories (e.g., a theory of motivation). The conceptual framework, on the other hand, is something you can develop yourself based on this theory.
The conceptual framework was developed by IASB and it lays down the basic concepts and principles that act as the foundation for preparation and presentation of the financial statements. The framework is also used as guide to develop / improve standards and to resolve any accounting conflicts.
The conceptual framework is composed of a basic objective, fundamental concepts, and recognition, measurement, and disclosure concepts. Each of these topics is discussed in Chapter 2 and should enhance your understanding of the topics covered in intermediate accounting.
Firstly, the FASB focuses mainly on setting standards and rules for accounting firms and individual certified public accountants practising in the United States. In contrast, the IASB focuses on international accounting standards.
Benefits of Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework is an articulate system of interconnected objectives and essentials that can lead to constant standards which would describe financial accounting and financial statements. The Accounting standards, on the other hand, are the ways that you follow while preparing accounts.
Relevance and faithful representation remain as the two fundamental qualitative characteristics. The four enhancing qualitative characteristics continue to be timeliness, understandability, verifiability and comparability.
Information about the financial effects of cash receipts and cash payments is generally considered the best indicator of ability to generate favorable cash flows.
Financial reporting refers to standard practices to give stakeholders an accurate depiction of a company's finances, including their revenues, expenses, profits, capital, and cash flow, as formal records that provide in-depth insights into financial information.
GAAP requires the following four financial statements: Balance Sheet - statement of financial position at a given point in time. Income Statement - revenues minus expenses for a given time period ending at a specified date. Statement of Owner's Equity - also known as Statement of Retained Earnings or Equity Statement.
(3) Relevance—The information is capable of making a difference in user decisions.
Debit because there are decreases in the owner's capital accounts. ... Because of expenses decrease owner's equity, increases in expenses are recorded as debits.
The fundamental qualities of accounting information are relevance and reliability, also known as representational faithfulness. If accounting data is to be relevant and useful to decision makers if must be timely.