Quem Deus Anubis?

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Anúbis na religiosidade egípcia

He was known as "First of the Westerners" prior to the rise of Osiris in the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) which meant he was king of the dead (as "westerners" was the Egyptian term for departed souls in the afterlife which lay westward, in the direction of sunset). In this role, he was associated with eternal justice and maintained this association later, even after he was replaced by Osiris who was then given the honorary title "First of the Westerners".

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Considerado como deus da morte desde o começo, Anúbis ganhou protagonismo no Reino Antigo, sendo conhecido como a mais importante entidade dos mortos. Ele apenas perdeu seu posto para Osíris no Reino do Meio.

According to this story, Nephthys (Set's wife) was attracted by the beauty of Osiris (Set's brother) and transformed herself to appear to him as Isis (Osiris' wife). Osiris slept with Nephthys and she became pregnant with Anubis but abandoned him shortly after his birth in fear that the affair would be discovered by Set. Isis found out about the affair and went searching for the infant and, when she found him, adopted him as her own. Set also found out about the affair, and this is given as part of the reason for his murder of Osiris.

This "super-canid" offered people the assurance that their body would be respected at death, that their soul would be protected in the afterlife, and that they would receive fair judgment for their life's work. These are the same assurances sought by people in the present day, and it is easy to understand why Anubis was such a popular and enduring god. His image is still among the most recognizable of all the Egyptian gods, and replicas of his statuary and tomb paintings remain popular, especially among dog owners, in the modern day.

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Anubis' image is seen on royal tombs from the First Dynasty of Egypt (c. 3150-2890 BCE) but it is certain he had already developed a cult following prior to this period in order to be invoked on the tomb's walls for protection. He is thought to have developed in response to wild dogs and jackals digging up newly buried corpses at some point in the Predynastic Period in Egypt (c. 6000-3150 BCE) as the Egyptians believed a powerful canine god was the best protection against wild canines.

Although he does not play a major role in many myths, his popularity was immense, and as with many Egyptian deities, he survived on into other periods through association with the gods of other lands. The Greeks associated him with their god Hermes who guided the dead to the afterlife and, according to Egyptologist Salima Ikram,

Esguio e misterioso, o deus canino é considerado o guia das almas, o deus da mumificação, do embalsamento e da vida após a morte. Segundo a religião, é Anúbis quem protege os mortos e abre caminhos para a calmaria do pós-vida.

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Quando Anúbis foi estudado no período ptolomaico, ele logo foi colocado no mesmo posto que Hermes, o deus grego da passagem pós-morte. Em algumas obras, inclusive, os artistas esculpiam e pintavam um Hermes com cabeça de cachorro — o novo deus era chamado de Hermanubis.

Para verificar e justificar um rito tão crucial, a antiga religião egípcia acreditava em um deus da morte, um ser que mistura as anatomias do humano e do cachorro. Dono da passagem, Anúbis era o cão que engolia milhões, o mestre dos segredos.

He is depicted as a black canine, a jackal-dog hybrid with pointed ears, or as a muscular man with the head of a jackal. The color black was chosen for its symbolism, not because Egyptian dogs or jackals were black. Black symbolized the decay of the body as well as the fertile soil of the Nile River Valley which represented regeneration and life. The powerful black canine, then, was the protector of the dead who made sure they received their due rights in burial and stood by them in the life after death to assist their resurrection.

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Ao mesmo tempo, seu formato canino foi criado ainda no período pré-dinástico, quando as imagens de chacais eram comumente associadas aos cemitérios. Dessa forma, foi fácil unir o semblante de um ser canino com a representação do deus da morte.

As his various epithets make clear, Anubis was central to every aspect of an individual's death experience in the role of protector and even stood with the soul after death as a just judge and guide. Scholar Geraldine Pinch comments on this, writing, "Anubis helped to judge the dead and he and his army of messengers were charged with punishing those who violated tombs or offended the gods" (104). He was especially concerned with controlling the impulses of those who sought to sow disorder or aligned themselves with chaos. Pinch writes:

Resumo sobre Anúbis

A morte na cultura do Egito Antigo tratava-se de um dos pontos mais importantes da vida de alguns; os rituais extravagantes, com enterros acompanhados de itens de luxo, além da prática de mumificações e embalsamentos, resultaram em uma passagem de veneração ao mérito em vida do falecido.

Segundo as crenças egípcias, Anúbis era o responsável por guiar as pessoas do mundo dos vivos para a vida após a morte. Dessa forma, ele tinha um papel quase parecido com o barqueiro que levava os espíritos até o mundo inferior.

In earlier times, Anubis was considered the son of Ra and Hesat (associated with Hathor), but after his assimilation into the Osiris myth he was held to be the son of Osiris and his sister-in-law Nephthys. He is the earliest Egyptian deity depicted on tomb walls and invoked for protection of the dead and is usually shown tending to the corpse of the king, presiding over mummification rituals and funerals, or standing with Osiris, Thoth, or other gods at the Weighing of the Heart of the Soul in the Hall of Truth in the afterlife.

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